About Cybercrime - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 899 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Cyber Crime Essay Did you like this example? According to Alvarez Technology Group, â€Å"a hacker attacks an internet-connected computer every 39 seconds in the United States.† (Admin.). Cybercrime is a dangerous game within the embodiment of the mysterious Internet. People who do cybercrime are anonymous and hard to track. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About Cybercrime" essay for you Create order There are many sources that help combat the rise of cybercrime. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation â€Å"today, these computer intrusion cases—counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal—are the paramount priorities of our cyber program because of their potential relationship to national security.† (â€Å"Cyber Crime.†). Unfortunately, some people use the Internet to do a crime like hacking, piracy, and cyber terrorism, but there are ways to prevent all this from happening to make the Internet safer.To begin with, hacking is when a program made by the programmer, also called a hacker, gets put into a computer system to alter systems and change the program of the computer without the consent of the user’s computer or unapproved intrusion of the code. The hacker uses hacking to change the code in which the computer or technology device is from what the original purpose of the technology. Hackers can use multiple techniques to acc omplish their goal. According to Techniopedia, a website to understand tech terms, hackers can use â€Å"vulnerability scanner checks computers on networks for known weaknesses, password cracking [is] the process of recovering passwords from data stored [in the computer], and viruses [are] self-replicating programs that spread by inserting copies of themselves into other executable code files or documents.† (â€Å"What Is Hacking? Definition from Techopedia.†). However, depending on how bad the hack goes, the hacker can get in serious trouble. Christopher Reinhart, Chief Attorney, states that â€Å"the law punishes hacking under the computer crime statutes. These crimes carry penalties ranging from a class B misdemeanor (able to be six months in prison, a fine of up to $1,000, or both) to a class B felony (able to be up to 20 years in prison, a fine of up to $15,000, or both).† (Reinhart). The law also punishes unauthorized access to a computer or computer network, that can range from a class B misdemeanor to a class D felony which is punishable by up to five years in prison, a fine of up to $5,000, or both.In addition, another crime that is over the Internet is piracy. Piracy is described as the distribution of copyrighted material that does not have the consent of the own material. Online piracy is categorized into three different types of piracy: movie, music, and software piracy. The reason piracy is still active today is that people want to watch movies, use software, or listen to music for free. According to Laws.com, it states that â€Å"the most dominating example of online piracy [was] found in the illegal download marke t for free media, such a consequence to a person that used piracy. According to the Recording Industry Association of America, â€Å"criminal charges may leave you with a felony record, accompanied by up to five years of jail time and fines up to $250,000.† (â€Å"About Piracy.†). Lastly, cyberterrorism is the extreme crime that can be from the internet to cripple companies or government. An example of cyberterrorism is on the TechTarget SearchSecurity website, a website to help understand the security industry, which states that â€Å"this type of cyber-attack could disrupt major cities, †¦, endanger the public safety of millions of people as well as cause massive panic and fatalities.† (â€Å"What Is Cyberterrorism? Definition from WhatIs.com.†). Cyberterrorism can be devastating to the welfare of cities and their countries. Some methods that cyberterrorist use is hacking to get into the government sensitive files, or â€Å"phishing attacks [which are] attempts by cybercriminals to collect information from victims through email† (â€Å"What Is Cyberterrorism? Definition from WhatIs.com.†). With this information, people can steal other people’s identities. However, there are multiple of other crimes that are done over the internet, but it is time to talk about how to protect from crimes over the internet. As a result, there is a multiple of ways to protect computers that prevent hackers is by just not clicking on unknown servers. On the United States Homeland Security website, it states that people should â€Å"never click on links in emails, never open the attachments, and do not give out personal information over the phone or in an email.† (â€Å"Protect Myself from Cyber Attacks.†). The p rocess of deceiving individuals into providing personal information to seemingly trusted agents who turn out to be malicious actors is called social engineering. According to this agency also states that people should â€Å"set secure passwords and dont share them with anyone, keep your operating system, browser, anti-virus, and other critical software up to date, and be suspicious of unknown links or requests sent through email or text message.† (â€Å"Protect Myself from Cyber Attacks.†).In the end, from hacking, piracy, and cyberterrorism to how to protect the computer from being hacked, cybercrime is an increasing crime that is happening around the world. Counterterrorism and other protective software not to just protect national security but to help protect the computers coding. Nevertheless, due to the privacy, the Internet can provide, criminals can be mysterious and do the crime right at their fingertips. Think while surfing the web, checking emails, or clickin g a pop-up ad, all of these can be potential in which a hacker can get the information from a computer or technological device.

History and Rolls of Law Enforcement in America - 10094 Words

Policing Trends and Issues Nicole Fox Westwood College ABSTRACT This research project is an analysis of six scenarios. The scenarios are as follows: History and rolls of law enforcement in society, Levels of jurisdiction, Distinction among the multiple functions of Law enforcement agencies, Analysis of Historical events that have shaped modern policing practices, Ethical and professional behavior in the workplace, and Evaluation of how knowledge, skills, and attitude learned in this course apply to your chosen career. There will also be a summary of reactions on Ethical and professional behavior in the work place. Included in the second section, there will be six scenarios. The responses will incorporate knowledge of†¦show more content†¦In a community this small a citizen watch made more since then a paid police force. People volunteered to be Town Crier. They were part journalist, police officer, and part neighborhood watch captain. These community volunteers would patrol the streets at night. Keeping an eye on what s happening and spreading the news. Saying things like Nine o clock and all is well, the town crier would warn people of external threats, too. Men in that era would often resort to dueling to settle disputes. Attempts to move personal conflicts into the court system often held counter to the widely held belief that honorable men should handle their differences privately. Yet as the population grew communities often found that they could no longer relay solely on informal social control and unpaid volunteers. By 1760 the number of colonist had grown to 1.5 million, and within the next 30 years it has grown to almost 4 million. As the population exploded people would turn to a more formal Criminal Justice system with a paid police force, prosecutors, and judges. At the same time some who lived outside the eastern seaboard cities face different challenges pertaining to public order and safety. The Westward expansion had its own dynamic while eastern cities had police departments with po lice chiefs that were appointed by city mayors. The west had sheriffs, who were chosen by the people. Instead of a paid police force theShow MoreRelatedPolicing Functions1089 Words   |  5 PagesMathew Scherer CJA/394 February 10, 2014 Mr. David Kurylowicz Policing Functions Law enforcement in the United States consists of local municipal, county, state, and federal agencies. These agencies make up a very large and very complex enterprise. Throughout the United States, there are almost 18,000 different law enforcement agencies at the local, county, state, and federal levels. 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Recently, I have read an essay released in a magazine called, The American School Board Journal, titled â€Å"The Ruling that Changed America† by Juan Williams which he also que stioned the desegregated acts of Americans. In this essay, Juan Williams’ summary claims that the court trial of Brown vs. Board of Education shaped America to be what it is today. â€Å" On May 17Read MoreThe Jazz : A Music Genre1078 Words   |  5 PagesThe Jazz is a music genre that was developed from the traditions of West Africa, Europe and North America. It arises specifically in New Orleans, Louisiana, home of musical style, where was a large consignments of slaves, mainly western Africa. That is why the jazz comes from the combination of three traditions: the native American, African and European. The African-American community in South America developed its musical expression through creative improvisation on the material that provided religiousRead MoreDrug Testing For Welfare Recipients1347 Words   |  6 Pagesthe cost, constitutionality, and the effect on children. History In 1971, President Richard Nixon initiated the national War on Drugs, which focused on the passage of policies geared toward fighting illegal substances (Amundson, Zajicek, and Hunt, 2014). During this time, Nixon allocated two-thirds of federal dollars for treatment of drug addiction and prevention of new users and one-third of federal dollars for interdiction and enforcement (Amundson et al., 2014). After Nixon’s initial War on DrugsRead MoreCJA 484 Criminal Law Foundations Evaluation1424 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Criminal Law Foundations Evaluation CJA 484 – Criminal Justice Administration Capstone Jacinto C. Rincon June 24, 2013 David Mailloux With a great deal of debate the design of the United States along with the lay out by the founders of the country who took their roll in laying down the â€Å"rules† of the United States of America very seriously. The Articles of Confederation, the Bill of Rights, and the US Constitution lay the floor work of a layer of protection afforded to all United StatesRead MoreEssay Affirmative Action1163 Words   |  5 Pagesgained access they would not otherwise have had. These gains have led to very real changes. Affirmative action programs have not eliminated racism, nor have they always been implemented without problems. However, there would be no struggle to roll back the gains achieved if affirmative action policies were ineffective. The implementation of affirmative action was Americas first honest attempt at solving a problem, it had previously chosen to ignore. In a variety of areas, from the quality

The Role of Performance Appraisal to Motivate Employee Free Essays

How to Use Performance Appraisals to Motivate Employees By Ken Lloyd from Performance Appraisals and Phrases For Dummies Motivation is the process that energizes employees and propels them to pursue their goals. Well-designed and well-executed performance appraisals have a strong motivational impact. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Performance Appraisal to Motivate Employee or any similar topic only for you Order Now Appraisals have the power to motivate employees because they provide a number of interconnected benefits: They demonstrate the need for improvement. If employees don’t have a clear understanding of how they’ve been performing, they can’t be motivated to make any improvements. They meet higher-level psychological needs. Researchers continue to find that recognition is one of the most powerful forms of motivation for large numbers of employees. Although you can find numerous possible sources of recognition on the job, performance appraisals are an opportunity for employees to receive formal, significant, and enduring recognition from their manager. They build a sense of personal value. When managers take the time and effort to carefully review, analyze, document, and discuss performance with employees, the underlying message to the employees is that they’re important and valuable, and this alone is quite rewarding, whether the feedback is positive or not. They enhance personal development. Performance evaluations are motivational for employees who are looking to enhance their personal learning, growth, and development. Appraisals are a highly valuable source of information, insights, and tools necessary for such progress. Performance appraisals are similarly motivational for employees whose needs are centered on achievement, goal attainment, and sensing personal effectiveness, respect, and trust. They turn employees around. When employees are performing poorly, performance appraisals can provide the wakeup call that they need to get refocused and reenergized. With performance appraisal, however, the purpose of the session is not strictly disciplinary, so the employee is more likely to walk in with a more receptive and open mind. As a result, your comments regarding an employee’s questionable performance have an excellent chance of being heard and generating action as a result. They increase satisfaction. When performance appraisals meet the employees’ needs in such areas as gaining recognition, sensing achievement and competence, experiencing growth, and meeting objectives, they’re also contributing to the employees’ job satisfaction, and this is one of the most important elements at work today. When employees are satisfied, some of the most visible indicators are reduced turnover, absenteeism, and tardiness. On the flip side, when employees are subjected to a shoddy or even nonexistent performance appraisal system, the opportunities to fulfill these higher-level employee needs are substantially reduced. How to Use Performance Appraisals to Motivate Employees By Ken Lloyd from Performance Appraisals and Phrases For Dummies http://www. dummies. com/how-to/content/how-to-use-performance-appraisals-to-motivate-empl. html How to cite The Role of Performance Appraisal to Motivate Employee, Essay examples

East-West Analysis free essay sample

The film East-West is set in Soviet Russia and follows the story of Alexei, Marie and their son Sergei who are invited back to â€Å"the motherland† by Joseph Stalin after WWII. Upon their arrival in Kiev, Marie’s French passport is destroyed and all of the emigres are either killed or sent to Concentration camps as punishment for desertion during the war. Alexei, Marie and their son Sergei were spared, given Alexei’s value to the government as a doctor. Alexei, with the help of a French actress, Gabrielle, finds a way to free Marie by sending her to the French Embassy in Bulgaria with her reinstated passport, where she barely escapes after being pursued by guards at the checkpoint. Tension is the force that drives drama, but is the most difficult element to comprehend as it at times cannot be seen or touched. Dramatic tension can be created with tension tools such as: silence, music, gestures and slow motion. The extract from ‘East-West’, ‘Alexei’s Sacrifice’ uses a variety of tension tools as Alexei’s ten year plan for the escape of his wife and son from the communist Russian stronghold finally comes to fruition. Tension builds when the Golovin family gather in preparation for their impending escape. The silent goodbyes used in this scene create an energy of significance in relation to the risky events about to unfold. The scene is executed perfectly and subtle glances and facial expressions create an air of uncertainty as to the outcome. With the situation becoming more tense, the use of silence and cinematography effects (Graph point 12-21) such as short sharp screen shots from Marie to Alexei and Alexei to Gabrielle further heightens and increases tension. Other subtle aspects of dramatic tension are explored in the scene when Sergei initiates their departure by taking Marie’s hand. The camera zooms in on their hands. This symbolises their unity in the escape and highlights how Alexei will not be a part of the planned escape. As they proceed up the stairs, the violins begin to softly play a confused and unpleasant tune which soon increases in volume as they begin to run (Graph point 23) symbolising the intensity of their escape. The fluctuating level of volume acts as an audio-representation of the level of tension in the scene and stops as they enter the car with Gabrielle. When Gabrielle presents the passport to Marie, this symbolises freedom and a reminder of a life far better than that experienced in the last ten years. This symbolism and the use of a variety of dramatic tension tools, has a striking impact on the ension of the scene. The tools and their ability to dramatically increase the level of tension are perhaps most effectively demonstrated in the climax of the scene where Marie, Gabrielle and Sergei cross the checkpoint to the French Embassy. This section begins with a camera shot of them leaving the car against the backdrop of the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (Graph point 32). This Western Eur opean cathedral acts as a symbol of their ultimate goal; to escape from the communist east, to the west. This shows a powerful use of symbolism and camera angles to subtly increase the levels of tension. This beginning tension is then built upon as they cross the checkpoint where the guard almost discovers Marie’s true identity in the form of her passport. Slow motion and total silence is used to further increase the sense of tension. The guard’s facial expression of suspicion and confusion increases the tension as he follows their movement. As Marie looks back, she shows that she is unsure of her new identity and this action then prompts the guard to call out to her which results in a peak in the level of tension (Graph point 39). The silence is then broken and the staccato playing of the violins follows (Graph point 40) as they are chased until the music changes into a melody as they enter the French embassy – a symbol of freedom. This use of sound, silence, slow motion, strong symbols and camera angles make the tension of the climax truly sensational and captures the essence of the tension in their escape. Overall, the scene used a wide range of tension tools to create a convincing and consistent sense of dramatic tension throughout the extract. However, in certain sections of the scene, devices did little or nothing to add to the overall tension such as the use of the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral as a symbol. The majority of viewers may not recognise the significance of this symbol, thereby doing very little to raise the tension. Conversely, there are a selection of tension tools that are placed very well so they integrate with the progression of the scene. This is shown by the violins that begin playing when Sergei and Marie begin running. The violins start very softly so the viewer does not consciously register their playing and then is slowly amplified as the tension escalates. The melody indicates the intense nature of escape until it fades away without the viewer’s realisation when they enter the car. Like this, many other tension tools are used surreptitiously so that they increase the tension without the viewer even realising. It is this quality that defines the difference between poor dramatic tension and dramatic tension applied skilfully. This shows how the clever and powerful application of various forms of dramatic tension such as symbolism can transform an ordinary scene to one that will captivate an audience.

Review of StarCraft 2 Essays - Gaming, Game Design, Windows Games

Review of StarCraft 2 StarCraft 2: Wing of Liberty. It was developed and published by Blizzard Entertainment . It is a military science fiction real-time strategy video game . The history of StarCraft s tarted almost 17 years ago. That time it was one of the many real-time strategies that had an excellent multiplayer, a powerful science fiction plot and carefully balanced races. O nce - popular genre is going through bad times now, it represented most ly by casual games for mobile platforms and indie stra tegy games . However, the StarCraft brand is still strong and has a huge commun ity of dedicated fans. St arCraft 2 is the finale of the story, that was started in 1998. T he plot of the series is based on the confro ntation of three cosmic races: T errans (newcomers to the Koprulu sector, they are descendants of a disastrous colonization expedition launched from Earth and do not support their own planet ), Z erg s (a swarm of dangerous claw-toothy creatures with the Overmind , which manages everything) and Protoss es (an ancient h igh-tech psionic race and by the way most powerful specie s in the galaxy). Maybe t hey do not want to cut each ot her's throats, b ut each race has its own agenda and their own interests. T heir relationship is so confusing and tangled that one has to keep track of who makes alliances with whom or who betraye d whom. The story campaign contains mo re than twenty-five assignments including several secret ones, during which players will have access to more and more advanced techniques and learn new techniques. Some missions will be completely "strategic" - with the construction of the base, and some will give heroes and a specific task . By the way, there are unique conditions that are never repeated in the other tasks of the mission . The sequel got clearly amazing and modern graphics, it has wonder ful design and very intuitive interface. You will quickly understand what is happ ening and what action is required to succeed. Also, the game has fantastic 7.1 surround sound. I like a new future that was added to the second part that allows to change units for "your type of gameplay". Blizzard clearly listened to the requests of players and provided an opportunity to "throw" the type of troops before each task. Eac h unit in the Star Craft 2 has three different variations, each of which is e ndowed with a unique ability. For example , stalkers can b e replaced with dragoons . Dragoons unlike their colleagues do not know how to teleport and generally move rather slowly, but they are much stronger . The o nly one con cern that I have is a multiplayer; t he price of an e ntry into multiplayer is really high , and you need to spend a lot of time to familiarize yourself and understand the world of StarCraft 2. Fortunately , developers thought about the comfort of beginners by introducing se veral entertainment modes. I n a cooperative mode , players can jointly perform tasks like the destruction of some "units". Before the operation, you must choose one of the six th characters. As they participate in battles, characters earn levels that bring them new skills. In general, the multiplayer battles remained the same. Nevertheless, the authors made some changes, such as an increase in the number of workers at the start, and added a couple of new "unit s" to each of the races for which of course will transform the existing tactics. It is impossible not to praise StarCraft 2 and it is a little challenging to find downsides. The p ros are ; diverse, dynamic gameplay, b eautiful cinematographic movies, perfect presentation of the plot and a thousand of amazing small details. There is not much c ons like I mentioned, may be the multiplayer should be less complica ted. My verdict is that the StarCraft 2 is the best modern real time strategy game in the market. It is worth to play and to buy that wonderful game. Analysis of IGN's Civilization VI review IGN's review of

Disabilty and Caregivers in Australia essays

Disabilty and Caregivers in Australia essays Disability is defined as a condition which may restrict a person's mental, sensory or mobility functions to undertake or perform a task in the same way as a person who does not have a disability (DWA, 2012). The people that assist people with disabilities are known as Primary carers. These people are defined as the person who provides the most informal assistance to a person with one or more disabilities (ABS, 1999). My name is Jack Di Tommaso and I stand before you today as a representative of the Parliament to present and provide you with a comprehensive review and evaluation of Australias policy and services towards not only disabled persons, but also the backbones of their will to keep on living, their families who are overwhelmingly faced with the challenges of living with a disabled person. It has come to my attention carers are not getting the recognition they deserve from the government. Today I am here to justify the necessary improvements that need to be implanted. Before my evaluation, I am going to provide you with background information on how this great nation is swamped with unsung heroes, better known as carers. Some concerning statistics have been found, Currently there are over 2.6 million unpaid carers in Australia (ABS, 2009) and More than 770,000 carers are primary carers (ABS, 2009) An incredible 300,000 carers are under the age of 24 and 150,000 carers are under the age of 18 (ABS, 2009). There are Over 1.5 million carers are of working age (18-64) (ABS, 2009) a whopping 520,000 carers are over 65 years of age (ABS, 2009) The estimated annual replacement value of care provided in 2012 is over $40.9 billion (Access Economics, 2011) and is currently estimated that carers provided 1.32 billion hours of unpaid care in 2010 with productivity loss estimated at $6.5 billion (Access Economics, 2010) What is currently being done to support our carers? According to the National Career Strategy&quo...

Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership - Research Paper Example Contingency leadership Contingency theory of leadership emphasizes that effective leadership depends on matching a  leader’s  style  to the appropriate situation (Da Cruz et al, 2011, p 7). The theory  is based  on the assumption that people’s styles and behaviours cannot be influenced or modified in any way. The  leadership  theory  is formed  by a combination of three factors, which are, leader-member relation,  task  structure and positional power (Da Cruz et al, 2011, p.9). Leader-member  relation  measures  acceptance  between all hierarchies within the organization where  acceptance  is determined  by trust, confidence a  feeling  of adequacy and  motivation  by leaders. In relation to  task  structure, it refers to a measure of clarity that a project or a defined task carries and the methods used to  achieve  the product. These allows progress to be tracked, this is because of the  presence  of clear guideli nes as to how a task should be performed. Positional power, on the other hand, is a measure of the amount of  authority  that a leader has, ad its ability to influence the  productivity  of the workers. This is in reference to the ability that a leader when it comes to reward and punishment. It also has a  part  in hierarchies where the workers  are required  to report to their leaders. ... on, in order to exert influence on one’s workers or followers, there is the need to  use  people skills and communicative skills in order to  influence  the outcome of their followers (Da Cruz, 2011, P. 17). Concerning contingency theory, there are several groupings of leaders and their  outright  performance  situations based on the power and  influence  they exert. The theory proposes that a  task-oriented leader stands a better chance at getting better performance due to its dynamic nature. The  nature  is it can be used when there is too much  control  or too little control over workers. In addition, in positions where a  leader  has  moderate  power, the theory proposes that  best  performance  is yielded  for  relationship-oriented leaders. Transformational leadership Transformational leadership is a leadership  style  in which leaders and followers  elevate  each other to levels above  present  level of  morali ty. In order to account for  power,  influence  and  leadership  in transformational leadership, it  is based  on four components. Influence  is exerted  on followers or workers according to how admirably the  leader  behaves. This, in turn, has an  influence  on the followers on whether they would like to emulate them (Hoffman et al., 2011, p. 781). Leaders in this theory  follow  a set of  clear  values that they  demonstrate  in their actions. This allows the  leader  to be a role model for their followers creating trust between leaders and followers. Therefore, the leader does not just  wield  the  power  to  lead  his or her followers but works by appealing to their values to the followers.   However, the leadership style holds an unethical edge, as unscrupulous leaders to suit their own purpose or personal interests can exploit it. Therefore, it

How can the world's population growth be reduced Assignment

How can the world's population growth be reduced - Assignment Example Human beings have also led to the extinction of about 50 species of plants and animals. Whether driven by arrogance, greed or ignorance, human activity now threatens to overwhelm the planets capability to sustain life. As the planets ability to support life diminishes, basic necessities become more and more scarcer, fanning ethnic, racial and political opinions and differences into infernos of armed conflict. In addition to the hundreds of thousands of life’s being extinguished, wars shatter societies, sending countless millions of people on the run. In the end, most of the people on the run become refugees leading desolate lives while living in deplorable conditions. Throughout the developing world, the allure of hope for a better life draws countless millions of people from the country side into already crowded cities. This migration was seen in Latin America where in 1950, dwellers were around 40% but at the moment they are around 75%. Therefore, the city cannot comfortably provide for its inhabitants. As such, only a few of the residents have running water while the rest have to get it from polluted rivers. In fact, the UN Population division in its 2004 report states that garbage and sewage flows together along dirty streets exposing thousands of people to the risk of serious illness. This brief background information justifies the need for strategies to reduce the world’s population growth rate. Some of the strategies that will be discussed in the paper include; empowering women, educational religion, and child policy strategies. Currently, the world’s population is increasing at a rate of about 80 million people a year. Economic and political stability is threatened by this rapid population. Therefore, there is need for stabilization of the population in the world. By 2045, research has proven that the world’s population will be over 9 billion. This means that fertility

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 50

Assignment Example ‘The myth of Poitiers’ refers to the debate about the fact that the battle of Poitiers brought an end to the Muslim invasion of Europe. However it may be said that the expansion of the Islamic empire was not a result of conquests and rather a process of â€Å"continuous conversion† (Cardini, 4). Also the halt in the expansion could have been due to the tiredness and absence of energy in the invaders, which prevented them from progressing further. As observed by Cardini, â€Å"it has been claimed that, without Poitiers and the heroism of Charles Martel, the name of Allah would be called by the muezzin over the dreaming spires of Oxford, the Koran would be studied in that famous university and the history of the world would have been quite different† (Cardini, 4). However, later examination reveals that the importance of the battle is not so great. The connection between the East and West divisions were torn away in the eight century itself. In 700 Christendom was about to lose a large part of their lands to the Islams. The churches were destroyed and the west gradually lost connection with the rest of the world. Even in the year 700 the relationship between Rome and Constantinople was not hostile. It was mainly due to the Islamic threat that the problem began and the popes were of varying national identities. It was a result of cumulative developments, which took place from the eight century onwards and the bond was never restored. While the West was not united under one power, the East was strong to some extent. (Southern, 53) The areas of conflicts increased as the years

Osmosis Concentration Gradient

Osmosis Concentration Gradient Plant cells at all times have a tough cell wall adjoining them. When they occupy water by osmosis they begin to swell up, but the cell wall prevents them from bursting. Plant cells turn into turgid when they are placed in dilute solutions. Turgid means swollen and tough. The pressure inside the cell increases; ultimately the internal pressure of the cell is so high that no more water can enter the cell. This liquid or hydrostatic pressure works in opposition to osmosis. Turgidity is incredibly vital to plants since this is what makes the green parts of the plant keep upright. Given that potatoes are plants the similar thing will occur to its cells, they will enlarge and become extra turgid. But if a plant cell is put in a concentrated sugar solution it will drop water through osmosis and become flaccid, this is the precise opposite of turgid. So, if you then place the plant cell into a concentrated sugar solution and also look at it beneath a microscope you would notice that the inside of the cells have shrunk and pulled away from the cell wall, this would be known as plasmolysed. But if a plant cell is put in a solution which has accurately the similar osmotic strength like the cells they are in a position between turgidity and flaccidity. The water movement of a cell has the potential of disturbing a whole organism as contrasting to just a single cell. This can be achieved through numerous diverse ways. First of all, if water is occupied into a plant through the roots the ending consequence will be the hydration of the whole organism. Also, if a plant cools down, water or sweat is unconstrained and passes throughout the organism. In this investigation I have used many scientific definitions, which I have explained below: Hypotonic A hypotonic cell surroundings is an atmosphere with a minor concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm of the cell. Within a hypotonic environment, osmosis creates a current of water into the cell, causing the growth and spreading out of the cell. The growth may perhaps guide to the bursting of the cell. A hypertonic result has a higher concentration when compared to the cell. Hypotonic means it has a lesser concentration compared to the cell. Isotonic is a condition in which the concentrations of the cell and of the solution are in an identical proportion. Plasmolysis Plasmolysis is the reduction of the protoplasm of cells inside plants suitable to the loss of water during osmosis. It is while the cell membrane takes off the cell wall and the vacuole collapses when put in a hypertonic atmosphere. The reverse of Plasmolysis in plant cells is cytolysis. Hypertonic A hypertonic cell atmosphere has a bigger concentration of solutes at the outer of the cell. Consequently, in hypertonic surroundings, osmosis makes water to run out of the cell. If a sufficient amount of water is taken away in this way, the cytoplasm will contain such a tiny concentration of water that the cell has trouble working. Turgor Pressure Turgor pressure is the risky internal pressure in a cell ensuing from osmotic pressure. Hypothesis I expect that when there is a high concentration of sucrose the water molecules from inside the potato section will go away from the potato and set off into the sucrose. Since sucrose has a big concentration of sugar and a small concentration of water, this is subsequent laws of osmosis. Once the procedure has happened, the cell of the potato will happen to be flaccid. In addition, as the quantity of sucrose in the solution increases the potato piece will get smaller more and as the quantity of distilled water increases in the solution, the potato piece will become turgid. I expect that the more water there is in the solution, the more the potato cell will swell up, which would make it turgid. This will raise the total mass of the potato however; the cells will not come apart as the cellulose cell wall is inelastic. Because of the Turgor pressure the inside of the cell will initiate to move forward alongside the cell wall and provide support to the plant tissues. Variables There are numerous diverse variables which may well affect the results of the experiments. They are listed below: Mass of the potato piece: The size of the potato piece must be tiny enough to fit within the tube. The size ought to be large enough to observe an outcome in mass following the experiment. This variable will be controlled by cutting and measuring the mass on weighing scales. Concentration of Sucrose: The concentration of the sucrose must not be excessively large, or else the molecules of the potato will travel towards it rapidly and the weight of the potato will rise too fast. It must not be excessively low or else the potato will become bigger in size as the water molecules will shift from the solution into the potato. This variable will be controlled using equal concentration of sucrose in every experiment but will be changing the amount. Amount of Sucrose: The amount of sucrose is the variable which I will be changing. This is because by changing the volume of sucrose but keeping the quantity of the solution stable, the concentration of sucrose becomes more diluted. So, from there I preserve the result of different concentrations on osmosis. Temperature: The temperature should stay stable to maintain the investigation to be fair. The experiments ought to be carried out in the same area with the same equipment to keep reliability of results accurate as possible. It must stay put at room temperature to guarantee fairness and reliability. Time: Every experiment must be recorded up to a firm time. It must not be too lengthy or there would be sufficient time for the water molecules to travel in or out of the potato making incorrect results. If it is not long enough then there would not be sufficient time for osmosis to happen. The time must stay the same all the way through the experiments to make sure it is fair and to guarantee that the results are similar. To ensure the experiment to be fair, some aspects of the experiment will have to be kept the same, at the same time as one key variable is changed. If the experiment is not a fair test, I will be getting the incorrect results which could guide me to the wrong conclusions. I have preferred to vary the concentration of the sugar solution. The primary and mainly the important thing to do, is to get the measurements of the solutions and the mass of the potato cores as precise as possible. This will be prepared to each single potato core. I will use a size 6 cork borer to get the potato cores out of the original potato. I will be equally cutting the potato cores with a scalpel to make them as identical in length as achievable to make it a fair test. I will clarify how the length will influence the result of osmosis beneath. I will also be measuring the length to the nearest millimeter. If some of the non-variables are not kept steady, this would then not be a fair test then. If we obtain the potato core for example., if the potato core was taken away with several cork borers, then the potato core would be a different width, or else if one potato core was longer than another potato core, there would be an raise in surface area which would consequently mean that there is more surface area for osmosis to take place which wo uld either mean that the potato core would be heavier than it should be or lighter than it ought to be. I will use the same top-pan balance to weigh my potato cores because measurements can faintly differ between scales. Before using the scale, I will wipe the scale as it would have been used by other fellow classmates. The potato core to be entirely covered in the sucrose solution is too another very important part in order to make the experiment as fair as achievable. Because if the potato core is not entirely covered by the sucrose solution, the outcome of osmosis will not take place to its fullest and I would obtain dissimilar readings of the mass for each potato core, which will also make the test unreasonable. For that reason, I will use 10cm of every concentration of solution for each potatoes core. Carrying out the experiments in stable temperature surroundings is extremely essential. The temperature can have an effect on the consistency of the experiment. Every test tube will be located in the same site at room temperature. On the other hand, this might not create a constant environment. Obtaining and experimenting with the accurate measurement of concentration of sugar solution is awfully important to the experiment. If the amount of one solution in a test tube is greater or lower than another, it will influence the pattern of results. E.g. if the amount of solution is greater than the rest, it would be rather possible that there will more osmosis taking place, bearing in mind that there is additional sucrose solution, while there is a smaller amount of solution in the test tube, not as much osmosis will happen. Yet again, this cannot always be correct. I can always find out by essentially doing an experiment where I put two potato cores of the identical length in separate test tubes in the same concentration of sugar solution but with a dissimilar amount. E.g., one potato core can be placed in a test tube of 10ml of 0.50M of sugar solution and one potato core can be put in a test tube of 25ml of 0.50M of sugar solution. Equipment Distilled Water Potato Sucrose Solution Scalpel Cutting plate Ruler Test Tubes Measuring Cylinder Weighting Scale Initially I will make sure that every potato piece weighs approximately the same. In addition, I have to make the surface area available the same. All of the potato pieces will be cut 4cm by 1cm by 1cm. Once I weigh the potato pieces, I will put them into fifteen different test tubes. Then I will make the solutions of distilled water and sucrose concentration. The concentrations will vary by: 5ml in each test tube, each experiment will be repeated three times. Each experiment will be repeated three times Experiment No. Sucrose Quantity (ml) Distilled Water Quantity (ml) I will put in the dissimilar amounts of sucrose to water into dissimilar test tubes. I will leave the solution for 24 Hours and then take measurements. All experiments will be repeated 3 times and an average will be prepared to enhance accuracy. Safety Safety glasses are not a critical part of safety, because there are not any dangerous chemicals I will be using in this experiment. Each and every apparatus must be labeled visibly; as a result there would not be any disorder. A first aid kit must be set aside nearby to save time in case of a cut ought to happen all through the experiment. Preliminary Results From my Preliminary Results, I am to trying to find out: If the length I have chosen is a good choice If I will change the concentrations If the method should be changed or not Preliminary Results-Changes to be made for Actual Experiment If the length I have chosen is a good choice To cut the potato piece to 4cm took a long time, the length was also too big, so therefore for the actual experiment, every potato will be 3cm by 1cm by 1cm. If I will change the concentrations The concentrations used are perfect and the results given are consistent. If the method should be changed or not The method used was well-organized and straightforward. It was enormously simple to replicate and since I have carried it out numerous times I have become used to the method, so the method will not be changed and will be the same as the Prelimary experiment. Conclusion After the finishing point of the investigation I can bring to a close, that correct results were produced. I have presented my data in two ways, graphs and the tables above. I drew graphs because you are able to spot any trends. My results evidently show the comparison between increasing the concentration of sucrose-mass of potato will decrease. My graph can be said to be a straight line, so my results are accurate and reliable. From my outcome I can see that as the concentration of sucrose increases, there is a steady increase in the percentage change of the potato mass.At highest concentration the potato has lost the most mass 54%, this will be called flaccid. So, the concentration gradient was at its maximum, for this reason the highest rate of osmosis took place at this concentration. Still, as the sucrose concentration altered to lesser values the loss in mass from the potato also decreased. Once the concentration of sugar was completely water, the potato had gained mass 20%. O smosis of water molecules was currently going on back into the potato. At that point the Potato Cells were Turgid. From the outcome I can say that my prediction was right. At high sucrose concentrations the potato lost mass and became flaccid, and at small sucrose concentrations the mass enlarged. This would be because of osmosis taking place, the water molecules moving from low concentration of sucrose to the high solution in the potato. Evaluation On the whole, the investigation was good. As I did a preliminary experiment, I could make changes to the Actual Experiment. From looking at the 3 graphs and the tables, it can be said, there were no anomalous results. This can be said because the values are precise and accurate with each other. The method used was well-organized and reliable upon. I used the same method in the preliminary and the Actual Experiment, this was good for me as I got used to the method and the whole experiment became easier for me. In the experiment, I could have improved accuracy, if I did the experiment further times. I could have also tested more Sucrose concentrations. Also, I could have measured every hour instead of 24 hours. I can also carry out an investigation into how osmosis is affected when it takes place in different conditions, i.e. Low and High temperature.

Aspects of Probation Essay -- essays research papers fc

There are times when almost everyone wonders exactly what the purpose of probation is, what kinds of conditions can be imposed if someone is put on probation, and what roles the probation officer and the court systems play in the scheme of things. If you know someone that is on probation it may not hurt to know a little bit about the way it works and that is exactly what we will be talking about here. Probation is one of the least restrictive penalties among the alternatives confronting a sentencing judge. Probation is the conditional release of an individual by the court after he has been found guilty of the crime charged. In the case of probation then, the individual has not been sentenced to prison, although he may, in fact, have been incarcerated in jail following his arrest and awaiting trial. Probation is in fact a charge and not a dismissal of charges, as many people believe. Many people believe that putting a person on probation is just a â€Å"slap on the wrist† and that it will not stop the person from committing further crimes but the term of probation is supervision and if it is broken punishment will follow for the probationer. Probation is a basic tool of rehabilitation for first time offenders and very few if any person who has more than one offense will receive probation. These offenders are more likely to receive jail or prison time for their offenses. Even first time offenders revert to crime during probation, which in turn embarrasses the court that gave that person probation rather than a jail or prison sentence. One helpful aspect of probation is the indication of a certain trust and confidence placed in the offender by the judicial order or probation officer. Another helpful aspect of probation is that there is actual supervision and guidance by a probation officer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Probation is an extension of powers of the court over the future behavior and destiny of the convicted person by showing them ways to keep themselves out of trouble later and hope that they will learn their lesson the first time. It helps to avoid the shattering effect upon the individual’s personality which so frequently follows imprisonment. Probation manages to keep the person in his old moorings: it makes no sudden and violent wrench in his daily habits; it does not destroy his family relations, his contact... ...the probationer has not broken his probation. After researching probation to a fairly good extent in my opinion, I believe that it really is an easy way out of being in trouble. This is especially true if the convicted person’s offense was not something that was done intentionally. I feel that probation is also a better way to handle people who are mentally unstable or people that have a drug or alcohol problem rather than just throwing them into the frying pan for a mistake.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bibliography Weston, Paul B. 1977. Administration of Justice. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. xiv. 337 pages Pursley, Robert D. 1977. Introduction to Criminal Justice. Encino, California: Glencoe Press. vi. 553 pages Rubin, Sol. 1963. The Law of Criminal Correction. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Company. xxv. 728 pages United States, Wickersham Commission. 1968. No. 9 Report on Penal Institutions, Probation, and Parole. Montclair, New Jersey: Patterson Smith Publishing Corporation. United States Sentencing Commission. 1990. Policy Statements for Violations of Probation and Supervised Release. Washington, D.C.: The Commission. i. 40 pages

Ten Steps Of Billing Process Health And Social Care Essay

Measure One. Pre-register the patients. Obtain or verify the patient ‘s demographics. Gather the patient ‘s name, reference, phone figure, day of the month of birth, the nature of the medical job, the insured ‘s name, reference, phone figure, relation of the insured to the patient, type of insurance, insured ‘s ID figure. Determine if referrals are needed or is a anterior mandate needed? Verify referral or mandate phone Numberss provided on the card, co-pay sum, co-insurance, and whether the medical job is due to an car accident, or a work related accident. This information helps to find if a commercial insurance is primary or if another insurance is primary. Information obtained at pre-registration is important to the charge procedure and decreases denials ( Deutscher, 2008 ) . Measure Two. Establish the fiscal duties for the visit. Verify insurance eligibility and find how much to roll up up forepart from the patient. Insurance and all other information demands to be check at each visit because patients may reassign from one insurance program to another, move or alteration occupations. Eligibility can alter month to month on certain types of insurance therefore these types must be verified on each visit. This is besides where an account of the installation ‘s policy on fiscal affairs is given to the patient ( Deutscher, 2008 ) . Measure Three. Check-in the patient. Obtain the medical history and demographics of new patients. Confirm with returning patients that all information is right and up to day of the month. At this point, their record should be checked for any past charges still unpaid. If the patient ‘s insurance will non be covering this visit, or if the patient is without insurance, have the patient mark a release accepting duty for the entire sum due of this visit. Some installations collect co-pays at this point ( Deutscher, 2008 ) . Measure Four. Check-out patients. Enter the medical and process codifications for the visit to set up a charge with the patient or the patient ‘s insurance. Give them all prescription, lab faux pas or referral paperwork they might necessitate for ordered work. Schedule a follow-up assignment if necessary. Besides record any minutess for this visit ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Measure Five. Reappraisal coding conformity. Obtain CPT and ICD-9 codifications from the doctor ( s ) . Verify that all information is right before come ining it into the computing machine system. All codifications should be checked for mistakes. Everything in the study should logically associate together so the insurance company understands the necessity for the medical charge applied ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Measure Six. Check charge conformity. When it comes to a charge conformity program, the stairss in the charge procedure have to be done right by the regulations and ordinances set by the conformity program. The medical records must hold the right codifications for the charge to be right. A conformity program prevents fraud from happening, and helps happen and fix mistakes in medical certification and charge. Documentation must besides follow the regulations of the conformity program as good ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Measure Seven. Prepare and transmit claims. This is largely done electronically now, and the transmittals of claims have to be HIPAA compliant. This transmittal besides involves the insurance company or the clearinghouse directing a reception of recognition of the claim filed ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Measure Eight. Monitor payer adjudication. This involves maintain an aging study which shows all outstanding claims in columns, based on how many yearss old they are in 30 twenty-four hours increases. At 30 yearss, the procedure of naming on or resubmitting the claim begins ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Step Nine. Generate patient statements. Monitoring of patient balances is every bit of import. This is handled by directing monthly statements to patients with balances owing ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Measure Ten. Follow up on patient payments and handle aggregations. Identify which statements have gone out more than one time. If it has been sent three times so it ‘s of import to allow the patient know that his or her history is in danger of being sent to aggregation ( Fordney, 2008 ) . 1.a. Brush signifiers. The brush signifier is known by several different names, such as superbill, charge faux pas, and routing signifier. This signifier is printed out and attached to the patient ‘s wellness record at the clip of check-in. Besides the identifying information, it besides contains the procedural and diagnostic codifications and whether the patient should return for an assignment. This is a combination of a measure, an insurance signifier and a rout-system used in both computing machine and paper based systems. For computerized systems, this signifier can be scanned to input the charges and diagnoses into the patient ‘s history and medical record. Some have barcodes that can be read to input the charges and diagnoses into the patient ‘s history and medical record. Some medical patterns use the brush signifier as a routing sheet and as an bill to the patient. When used as a routing sheet, it becomes a beginning papers for insurance claim informations. The brush ‘s process and diagnostic codification subdivisions should be updated on reprinted twice a twelvemonth, based on alterations, add-ons, and omissions of procedural and diagnostic codifications ( Fordney, 2008 ) Explanation of Benefits. The Explanation of Benefits ( EOB ) , besides referred to as remittal advice, is a papers issued saying the position of the claim. This is sent by the remunerators to both the donees and suppliers. EOBs provide the necessary information about claim payment information and patient duty sums. Every wellness insurance company, including HMOs, is required to supply the insured or subscriber with an Explanation of Benefits in response to the filing of a claim. EOBs are non required when service is provided by a take parting supplier who receives full reimbursement straight from the insurance company, but will be provided upon petition. Each EOB must include the undermentioned: name of the supplier of the service, day of the month of service, designation of the service, supplier ‘s charge, the sum or per centum collectible after deductibles, co-payment and any other decrease of the sum claimed, telephone figure or reference where an insured may obtain elucida tion, information on how to register an entreaty of a denial of benefits, including the applicable timeframe to register ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Advance Beneficiary Notice. An Advance Beneficiary Notice ( ABN ) is besides known as a release of liability. When a patient is to have a service or an point from a take parting supplier or suppler, that might be denied for medical necessity by Medicare, the supplier or provider must inform the patient and have him or her agree to pay for the denied service in progress. Every infinite on the ABN must be filled in before giving it to the patient to subscribe. Suppliers on the other manus, are non required to give the patient an ABN for services or points excluded from Medicare coverage. ABNs merely use if the patient is in the original Medicare program, and non in a Medicare private wellness program. If the patient does non acquire an ABN to subscribe before the service or point from the supplier, it is non specifically excluded from coverage, and Medicare does non pay for it, so the patient does non hold to pay for it. If the supplier does give the patient an ABN that is signed befor e service or given the point, and Medicare does non pay for it, so the patient will hold to pay the supplier. Medicare considers the appropriate usage of ABNs a conformity issue. When directing in a claim, the HCPCS qualifier -GA must be added to the appropriate codifications to bespeak that the patient has signed the release ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Remittance Advice. Electronic remittal advice ( ERA ) is an on-line dealing about the position of a claim. It gives information on claims paid or denied, and sends a ground to the charge specializer. Managed attention programs pay by either a capitation system or based on the services given to the patient with a statement of remittal or account of benefits ( EOB ) . In the system when payment is based on services rendered, and a statement of remittal or EOB is generated, such statements will enumerate services that have been rendered to patients and normally indicate the sum billed, sum allowed, sum paid, and any co-payment to be made by the patient. By and large patients under managed attention programs do non have an EOB. With Medicaid, if a supplier wants to have an ERA, so a signifier must be completed and sent to the financial agent. If a supplier is utilizing the paper system, so Medicaid will direct a remittal advice ( RA ) with all Medicaid payment cheques. Medicare sends a p ayment cheque along with a nationally standardised papers to take parting doctors called a Medicare RA. On the front side of the RA are position codifications that are the same countrywide, stand foring the ground a claim may non hold been paid in full or was denied, etc. These codifications are defined on the rearward side of the RA. Non-participating doctors besides receive an RA with payment information about unassigned claims ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Engagement Contracts. Participating suppliers ( par ) has a contractual understanding with an insurance program to render attention to eligible donees and so measures the 3rd party straight. The 3rd party remunerator pays its part of the allowed sum, and the supplier measures the patient for the balance non paid by the insurance company, after the excluded part is adjusted off the history. There are some programs though where the take parting supplier is called a member, and they may accept the payment as payment in full, or may be free to measure the patient for any unpaid balance, depending on the contract ( Fordney, 2008 ) . 1.b. Adjudication procedure for remunerators and suppliers. Once a claim has been sent to the patient ‘s wellness program, the remunerators review the claims through the adjudication procedure. Through this procedure the remunerator puts the claim through a series of stairss to find if it should be paid or non. After these stairss are completed, the remunerator decides to either pay the claim in full, to merely pay some of it, or to deny it wholly. Upon this, a study is sent to the supplier along with payment. If the patient has more than one insurance program, the primary program will direct the balance of the claim to them. Suppliers have contracted agreements with each remunerator hence what the remunerator pays out may non fit the supplier ‘s fee. Most suppliers so adjust/write off the difference of their fee to what the remunerator pays out. It is every bit of import for the supplier to supervise the claims. The faster the supplier can have payment the better his or her bottom line becomes. To supervise the claim during adjudication, the supplier must cognize the sum of clip the remunerator is allowed to take to react to the claim, and how long the claim has been in procedure. Suppliers have to register the claim within a certain sum of clip after the service, and remunerators have to treat clean claims within the claim turn-around clip agreed upon in the engagement contract ( prompt-pay Torahs ) . Aging is the 3rd portion of claim followup. Producing an aging study lets the supplier cognize how long the remunerator has had the claim. HIPAA 276 is the enquiry that is sent to obtain information on the position of a claim and HIPAA 277 is the response returned by the remunerator. From here the supplier must cognize the timetable for subjecting a corrected claim and how to register a 2nd claim if necessary, how to feed back if a claim has been denied for losing or wrong informations, and how to manage a petition for more information or certificati on ( Valerius, Newby & A ; Seggern, 2008 ) . 2. Claims Processing Hospital/Facility Claims Processing Claims Transmission: The infirmary forwards the medical claims to the medical charge squad via a messenger or as scanned paperss. The medical claim must be supported by patient inside informations such as demographics, superbills, charge sheets, insurance confirmation informations, a transcript of the insurance card and any other information refering to the patient ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Retrieval and Checking of Medical Claims: The medical charge staff accesses the medical claims and back uping paperss. All paperss are checked for illegible or losing paperss and the infirmary charge office is notified instantly so that they can re-scan and direct losing paperss ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Medical Cryptography: An of import measure in claims treating is to repair the process and diagnoses codifications for each patient based on criterions such as CPT ( Current Procedural Terminology ) and ICD-9 ( International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition ) . The degree of service determines the 5-digit process codification, while the diagnosing codification is based on the medical diagnosing made by the physician ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Charge Creation: Medical Billing professionals will so make appropriate medical claims based on charge regulations refering to specific bearers and locations. All medical claims must be created within agreed turnaround times – by and large 24 hours. A thorough audit and checking of the completed medical claims is done at multiple degrees. The medical claims are checked for right and complete information, right process and diagnosing codifications, and the genuineness of all other relevant information about the patient, since incomplete/incorrect information is one of the individual most common grounds for rejection of medical claims ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Medical Claims Audit: A thorough audit and checking of the completed medical claims is done at multiple degrees. The medical claims are checked for right and complete information, right process and diagnosing codifications and genuineness of all other relevant information about the patient since incomplete/incorrect information is one the individual most common ground for rejection of medical claims ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Medical Claims Transmission: Medical claims created are filed for follow up before they are sent electronically to the claims transmittal section with all relevant information on each medical claim ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Claims Submission to Insurance Agencies: The audited, listed and recorded medical claims are printed out and dispatched to allow Insurance Agencies or governmental sections, with any fond regards or back uping paperss that may be required for colony ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Follow-up and Settlement: This involves the concluding phases where the medical charge squad follows up systematically with the insurance companies and payment bureaus until the concluding colony is disbursed ( Outsource2india, 2010 ) . Reprinted from Outsource2india, 2010 Physician/Provider Claims Processing Data entry of patient demographics, mentioning doctor, CPT and ICD Codes, and Modifier ( s ) is entered into the medical charge package Scan the paperss for charge mistakes and rectify them if needed Adjudicate client claims for truth Preparation of Explanation of Benefits ( EOBs ) Submit and file the claim with the insurance company Follow up on the claims with the insurance company Apprise biller of the position of the claim Process denied claims and re-adjudicate them for claims entry ( Outscource2india, 2010 ) Comparison of Commercial, Managed Care and Federal Insurance Plans Commercial wellness insurance covers medical disbursals and disability income for the Insured and are sold for by net income bearers. Policies vary in sums harmonizing to the types of specific coverage that they provide. It is besides coverage that provides two types of benefits – disablement income and medical disbursals ( answers.com ) . Managed Care Insurance feature is the inducement for the insured to remain within a specific web of wellness attention suppliers. Managed attention plans fall into 3 basic types: HMO, PPO, and POS. HMOs provide medical intervention on a postpaid footing, which means that HMO members pay a fixed monthly fee, irrespective of how much medical attention is needed in a certain clip period. A PPO is made up of physicians and or infirmaries that provide medical service merely to a specific group and a system where the patient pays no deductible and normally merely a little co-payment when they use a wellness attention supplier within their web ( answers.com ) . Federal Insurance plans. One of the most outstanding characteristics of the Federal Employee Health Benefit Program ( FEHBP ) is the picks it allows. There are three types of programs: fee-for-service and preferable supplier organisation ( PPO ) , normally offered combined, HMOs, and high deductible wellness insurance programs and other consumer-driven programs. In the FEHBP, the federal authorities sets minimum criterions and if met by an insurance company, allows it to take part in the plan. The consequence is legion viing insurance programs that are available to federal employees. The FEHBP has frequently been proposed as a theoretical account for national wellness insurance and sometimes as a plan that could straight inscribe the uninsured ( opm.gov ) . Major Payment and Reimbursements A Prospective Payment System ( PPS ) is a method of reimbursement in which Medicare ( CMS ) payment is made based on a predetermined fixed sum. The payment sum for a peculiar service is derived based on the categorization system of that service, such as diagnosis-related groups ( DRG ) for inpatient infirmary services.A DRGs have been used in the US since 1983 to find how much Medicare pays the infirmary, since patients within each class are clinically similar, and will utilize the same degree of hospital resources ( Fordney, 2008 ) . In the prospective payment method, payment rates for health care services are established in progress for a specific clip period. Two types of prospective payment methods are per-diem and case-based payment. In per-diem, the 3rd party remunerator reimburses the supplier with a fixed rate for each twenty-four hours a covered patient is hospitalized. In instance based, 3rd party remunerators reimburse suppliers per instance instead than for each service or per diem ( Casto, Layman, 2006 ) . CMS besides uses separate PPSs for reimbursement to acute inpatient infirmaries, place wellness bureaus, hospice, hospital outpatient, inmate psychiatric installations, inmate rehabilitation installations, long-run attention infirmaries, and skilled nursing installations ( CMS.gov ) . Another state – Spain During the 1980 ‘s alterations came to the Spanish health care plan. First they started with a societal security system that assured wellness attention coverage for merely the working and retired people while a combination of common and private organisations ensured basic attention for the remainder of the population. It was n't until 1997 that DRG coding came into drama for hospital reimbursement. Previously wellness attention was reimbursed harmonizing to a per contact system based on Basic Assistance Units ( Cots, Salvador, Chiarello, Bustins, Castells, ( n.d. ) ) . DRG payment systems were foremost used in Catalonia in 1997. They adopted the CMS DRG coding version. Hospitals received an sum per instance depending on the comparative mean DRG weight of all infirmary discharges. The infirmary comparative ration is multiplied by a fixed sum that is published yearly. Catalonia Health sets the discharge monetary values for each comparative resource strength ( IRR ) and the construction comparative index ( IRE ) every bit good as two burdening per centums. IRE reflects the infirmary ‘s construction degree, while the degree of the infirmary ‘s ingestion of resources ( IRR ) is defined by DRG discharge weights coded with CMS DRGS ( Cots, Salvador, Chiarello, Bustins, Castells, ( n.d. ) ) . Outline Different PPS in the United states Physician attention groups ( PCHs ) PPS method for physician services in ambulatory scenes visit based classified services harmonizing to clinical similarity and scene includes patients from all age groups and from parts of the universe with instance mixes of diseases and differing forms of health care bringing Pediatric Modified Diagnosis Related Groups ( PM-DRGs ) for newborns and paediatric patients developed by National Association of Children ‘s Hospitals and Related Institutions All Patient DRGs ( AP-DRGs ) categorizations for neonatal, paediatric, bad obstetrical, multiple injury, organ graft, and ventilator-dependent patients allows accurate comparings of patients in footings of length of stay, resource ingestion and results International refined DRGs ( IR-DRGs ) inpatient categorization system designed for footing of payment of international health care Clinical hazard groups ( CRGs ) predicts future health care outgos capitated payment system includes all age groups fee for service reimbursement and episode of attention reimbursement based on unit of payment ( Casto, Layman, 2006 ) Acute Inpatient PPS each instance is categorized into a diagnosis-related group ( DRG ) each DRG has a payment weight assigned to it, based on the mean resources used to handle Medicare patients in that DRG basal payment rate is multiplied by the DRG comparative weight. Home Health PPS Medicare pays place wellness bureaus ( HHAs ) a preset base payment adjusted for the wellness status and attention demands of the donee payment is besides adjusted for the geographic differences in rewards for HHAs across the state. instance mix accommodation for the wellness status, or clinical features, and service demands of the donee provide HHAs with payments for each 60-day episode of attention for each benefit Inpatient Psychiatric Facilities PPS paid under the infirmary inmate prospective payment system ( PPS ) certain types of forte infirmaries and units were excluded from PPS because the PPS diagnosing related groups do non accurately history for the resource costs for the types of patients treated in those installations Facilities originally excluded from PPS included rehabilitation, psychiatric, kids ‘s, malignant neoplastic disease, and long term attention infirmaries, rehabilitation and psychiatric infirmary distinguishable portion units, and infirmaries located outside the 50 provinces and Puerto Rico ( BBRA ) ( Pub.L. 106-113 ) , directed the development of a per diem PPS for inmate psychiatric services furnished in infirmaries and exempt units. Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities PPS authorizes the execution of a per discharge prospective payment system ( PPS ) , utilize information from a patient appraisal instrument ( IRF PAI ) to sort patients into distinguishable groups based on clinical features and expected resource demands. Separate payments are calculated for each group, including the application of instance and installation degree accommodations. Long-Term Care Hospital PPS a per discharge system with a diagnosis-related group ( DRG ) based patient categorization system reflects the differences in patient resources and costs the Secretary shall analyze, and may supply for, accommodations payments to DRG weights, country pay accommodations, geographic reclassification, outliers, updates Skilled Nursing Facilities PPS payment rates are adjusted for instance mix and geographic fluctuation in rewards screen all costs of supplying covered SNF services ( everyday, accessory, and capital-related costs ) . Inpatient PPS PC Pricer infirmary is paid a fixed sum for each patient discharged in a Diagnosis Related Group ( DRG ) fixed sum is intended to cover the cost of handling a typical patient for a peculiar DRG. The PPS Pricer package, calculates discharges from October 1 through September 30 for a given financial twelvemonth ( CMS.gov ) . 6.Local Medical Review Local medical reappraisal policies are developed to assist suppliers and providers in subjecting right claims for payment. Local policies outline when and under what conditions a service, point, or supply is considered medically sensible and necessary, every bit good as the methods contractors will utilize to reexamine claims. These policies are the foundation of the reappraisal procedure. They define the service, decides when a service is sensible and necessary, outlines any coverage standards or specific certification demands, provides specific coding or modifier information and provides mentions upon which the policy is based. CMS requires that local policies be consistent with national guidelines, hence utilizing an consultative commission of medical professionals within Medicare and the medical community, LMRPs is developed. Once they are developed and implemented, LMRPs so provides the determination devising standards for any claim reappraisal and payment determinations. With e ach province holding its ain Medicare contractor, A consequences in each province holding its ain LMRP Local Medical Review Policies ( LMPR, 2010 ) . 7.HIPAA Privacy and Security Rule HIPAA privateness regulation applies to protected wellness information ( PHI ) in any signifier or medium while the Security Rule covers merely PHI that is electronically stored or transmitted by covered entities. The Security Rule ( SR ) has a broader enterprise than the confidentiality focal point of the Privacy Rule. This Security Rules aims at guaranting the unity and handiness of electronic PHI excessively. The Security Rule has to turn to issues such as informations backup, catastrophe recovery and exigency operations. SR has to do certain that covered entities that collect, maintain, use or transmit PHI in electronic signifier must build sensible and appropriate administrative, physical and proficient precautions that guarantee unity, handiness and confidentiality. Such processs must supply protection against any moderately awaited menaces or jeopardies. The Security Rule besides includes a criterion for electronic signatures ( Fordney, 2008 ) . 8.Classifications, Taxonomies, Terminologies and Terminologies Taxonomies are defined as the scientific discipline of categorization. These are the numeral and alpha supplier forte 10 figure codifications which are assigned to sort each wellness attention supplier. Taxonomy codifications are necessary because some institutional suppliers may non take to use for a alone national supplier figure for each of its subparts. The type of forte could impact the doctor ‘s wage depending on the contract with the remunerator ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Categorizations are legion in the claims processing. There is the categorization of diseases, and categorization of patients – outpatient, inmate, and ambulatory patients, to call a few. Everything is put into a categorization which if used and understood, helps the claims processor with truth ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Terminologies are footings abbreviated to initials. In claims insurance there are EOB, ERA, HMO, DRG, CPT, APG, AVG, MDC, AMA, CMS, EDI, ED, etc. It ‘s the alone linguistic communication spoken by claim processors. A terminology can hold several significances therefore it is of import to cognize which terminologies are non acceptable to a installation. Besides, when in uncertainty, inquire a physician or other medical professional what the abbreviation means ( Fordney, 2008 ) . In claims treating nomenclatures such as EOBs ( Explanations of Benefits ) , EOMB ( Explanation of Medicare Benefits ) , ERA ( Electronic Remittance Advice ) , RA ( remittal advice ) are illustrations. These are words that are easy understood throughout the profession ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Office of Inspector General OIG undertakes countrywide audits, every bit good as probes and reviews to reexamine the claim entry procedure of suppliers and reimbursement forms of the plans. The presence of an OIG conformity plan can significantly relieve imposed punishments in the event of an OIG audit or other finds of deceitful charge activities. A comprehensive auditing and monitoring plan will assist minimise the hazard of fraud and maltreatment by placing hazard countries ( igo.state.gov ) . Quality Improvement Organization in Michigan MPRO is a non-profit-making organisation and serves as the quality betterment organisation ( QIO ) for Michigan since 1984. It is contracted with the Centers for Medicare & A ; Medicaid Services. Its charge is: Work with Michigan Medicare suppliers to better the quality of attention for its endorsers. Promote all Michigan Medicare suppliers to follow grounds based medical specialty in all scenes. Protect the unity of the Medicare Trust Fund, by doing certain that Medicare pays merely for goods and services that are medically necessary that are performed in a proper medical scene. Protect the endorsers by look intoing their ailments and entreaties. QIO besides provides advisory services, medical and utilization reappraisals, informations analysis to federal bureaus, province Medicaid and public wellness bureaus, health care installations, and private wellness programs and 3rd party remunerators. QIO consists of a mixture of physician referees, clinical quality betterment and patient safety experts and statisticians. QIO serves infirmaries, nursing places, place wellness attention, physician offices and managed attention scenes ( MPRO.org ) . MPRO ‘s wellness attention quality betterment plans include legion preparations and go oning instruction events for Michigan suppliers across all scenes. Many events are free and Continuing Education Creditss are besides available. MPRO assists Michigan Medicare suppliers ( free of charge ) to better the quality and bringing of their wellness attention by the execution of evidence-based medical specialty that improves procedures and results. Areas of coverage include: Beneficiary Protection Patient Safety Prevention To better quality, safety and efficiency, MPRO publishes booklets for Medicare donees, explicating their rights as a donee ( MPRO, org ) . Other countries of service include: Breast Cancer and Cervical Cancer Control Program ( BCCCP ) Independent Medical Review Informal Dispute Resolution ( IDR ) Long Term Care Remediation Care Compliance Solutions for Long Term Care Providers Medicaid Fee-for-Service Utilization Review Program External Quality Review ( EQR ) MPRO is carry oning a Care Transitions undertaking in the mid Michigan country ( specifically, Clinton, Eaton and Ingham counties ) to measurably better the quality of attention of Medicare donees who transition between attention scenes. MPRO focuses on bettering coordination of attention between suppliers and across the continuum of attention by advancing seamless passages from the infirmary to place, skilled nursing attention, place wellness attention or other suppliers to forestall evitable readmission to the infirmary ( MPRO.org ) . The end of the Prevention Theme is to better the quality and frequence of preventative wellness attention services in order to optimise beneficiary quality of life and wellness attention efficiencies ( MPRO.org ) The Prevention Theme focuses on the undermentioned clinical subjects: Breast Cancer Colorectal Cancer ( CRC ) showing Influenza Immunizations Pneumococcal Immunizations Professionalism in Health Care Professionalism – Hard to specify, but you know it when you see it. Medical moralss are non Torahs, but criterions of behavior by and large accepted as moral guidelines for behaviour, by which a professional may mensurate the decorousness of his or her behavior in relationship with patients, doctors, colleagues, the authorities, and insurance companies. Acting with ethical behaviour agencies to transporting out duties with unity, decency, honestness, competency, consideration, regard, equity, trust, and bravery. The American Medical Association ( AMA ) adopted a codification of moralss for the benefit of the wellness professional in 1980. The Internet Health Coalition developed an eHealth Code of Ethics to protect patient ‘s information on the Internet ( Fordney, 2008 ) . An person must hold a assortment of features or qualities to work good as an insurance charge or coding specializer. Some of these qualities are: Strong critical thought and comprehensive reading accomplishments Logical and practical mind every bit good as a originative job convergent thinker Good organizational accomplishments Detail oriented One ‘s properties, accomplishments, personal image and behavior all contribute to professionalism ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Webster ‘s Collegiate Dictionary defines professionalism as â€Å" the behavior, aims or qualities that characterize or mark a profession or a professional individual † . All professionals portion common features and a codification to stay by. But it is non what we do as a professional, but how we do it, that defines the medical professionalism. It is the unconditioned lovingness of the patient, irrespective of their ability to pay or their station in life ( Fordney, 2008 ) . Most everyone knows instinctively what is meant when they hear the words â€Å" he ‘s so professional. † This evokes an image of high competency and high moralss ; person commanding regard. All countries of professionalism has a codification of behavior, it is non alone to the medical profession. This codification is the moral compass that keeps us on the consecutive and narrow. It will be our moralss that will separate us as a true professional ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Standards of Ethical CryptographyCoding professionals should: Apply accurate, complete, and consistent cryptography patterns for the production of high-quality health care informations. Report all health care informations elements ( e.g. diagnosing and process codifications, nowadays on admittance index, discharge position ) required for external coverage intents ( e.g. reimbursement and other administrative utilizations, population wellness, quality and patient safety measuring, and research ) wholly and accurately, in conformity with regulative and certification criterions and demands and applicable functionary coding conventions, regulations, and guidelines. Assign and study merely the codifications and informations that are clearly and systematically supported by wellness record certification in conformity with applicable codification set and abstraction conventions, regulations, and guidelines. Question supplier ( physician or other qualified health care practician ) for elucidation and extra certification prior to code assignment when there is conflicting, uncomplete, or equivocal information in the wellness record sing a important reportable status or process or other reportable informations component dependant on wellness record certification ( e.g. nowadays on admittance index ) . Garbage to alter reported codifications or the narrations of codifications so that significances are misrepresented. Garbage to take part in or back up cryptography or certification patterns intended to unsuitably increase payment, measure up for insurance policy coverage, or skew informations by agencies that do non follow with federal and province legislative acts, ordinances and official regulations and guidelines. Facilitate interdisciplinary coaction in state of affairss back uping proper cryptography patterns. Advance coding cognition and pattern through go oning instruction. Garbage to take part in or hide unethical cryptography or abstraction patterns or processs. Protect the confidentiality of the wellness record at all times and garbage to entree protected wellness information non required for coding-related activities ( illustrations of coding-related activities include completion of codification assignment, other wellness record information abstraction, coding audits, and educational intents ) . Demonstrate behaviour that reflects unity, shows a committedness to ethical and legal cryptography patterns, and Fosters trust in professional activities ( AHIMA.org ) . Revised and approved by the House of Delegates 09/08. All rights reserved. Reprint and cite merely with proper mention to AHIMA ‘s writing. The Federal Register The Federal Register is the day-to-day official diary of the Federal Government of the United States that contains public notices of authorities bureaus. The Federal Register is compiled by the Office of the Federal Register ( within the National Archives and Records Administration ) and is printed by the Government Printing Office. Since it is a publication of the U.S. Government, there are no copyright limitations on the Federal Register. It is in the public sphere and contains proposed new regulations and ordinances, Final regulations, alterations to bing regulations, and notices of meetings and adjudicative proceedings. This is a good mention for alterations in the wellness industry and maintaining abreast of approaching alterations. Example of a concluding regulation: Health Insurance Reform: Alterations to Electronic Data Transaction Standards and Code Sets AGENCY: Office of the Secretary, HHS. Action: Concluding regulation. Summary: In this concluding regulation, we respond to public remarks received and finalize commissariats applicable to electronic informations dealing criterions from two related proposed regulations published in the May 31, 2002, Federal Register. We are besides following proposed alterations to implementation specifications for wellness attention entities and others. In add-on, we are following alterations to implementation specifications for several electronic dealing criterions that were omitted from the May 31, 2002, proposed regulations. Effective Dates: These ordinances are effectual on March 24, 2003.A §164.500 [ Amended ]6. A § In 164.500 ( B ) ( 1 ) ( four ) , take the words †including the appellation of wellness attention constituents of a covered entity † .A § 165.501 [ Amended ]7. In A §164.501, the definitions of the undermentioned footings are removed: Covered maps Disclosure, Individual, Organized wellness attention agreement, Plan sponsor Protected wellness information, Required by jurisprudence, and Use.A § 164.504 [ Amended ]8. In A §164.504, the undermentioned alterations are made: a. The definitions of the undermentioned footings are removed: Common control, Common ownership, Health attention constituent, and Hybrid entity. B. Paragraphs ( B ) through ( vitamin D ) are removed and reserved. Authority: Sections 1173 and 1175 of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 1329d-2 and 1320-4 ) . Dated: January 13, 2003.Tommy G. Thompson,Secretary. [ FR Doc. 03-3877 Filed 2-13-03 ; 8:45 am

Imitation - Definition and Examples in Rhetoric

Imitation s in Rhetoric Definition In rhetoric and composition, imitation is an exercise in which students read, copy, analyze, and paraphrase the text of a major author. Also known (in Latin) as  imitatio. It is a universal rule of life, says Quintilian in the Institutes of Oratory (95), that we should wish to copy what we approve in others. Etymology From the Latin, imitate Examples and Observations Never hesitate to imitate another writer. Imitation is part of the creative process for anyone learning an art or a craft. . . . Find the best writers in the field that interests you and read their work aloud. Get their voice and their taste into your eartheir attitude toward language. Dont worry that by imitating them youll lose your own voice and your own identity. Soon enough you will shed those skins and become who you are supposed to become.(William Zinsser, On Writing Well. Collins, 2006)The writers we absorb when were young bind us to them, sometimes lightly, sometimes with iron. In time, the bonds fall away, but if you look very closely you can sometimes make out the pale white groove of a faded scar, or the telltale chalky red of old rust.(Daniel Mendelsohn, The American Boy. The New Yorker January 7, 2013) Red Smith on Imitation When I was very young as a sportswriter I knowingly and unashamedly imitated others. I had a series of heroes who would delight me for a while . . . Damon Runyon, Westbrook Pegler, Joe Williams . . .. I think you pick up something from this guy and something from that. . . . I deliberately imitated those three guys, one by one, never together. Id read one daily, faithfully, and be delighted by him and imitate him. Then someone else would catch my fancy. Thats a shameful admission. But slowly, by what process I have no idea, your own writing tends to crystallize, to take shape. Yet you have learned some moves from all these guys and they are somehow incorporated into your own style. Pretty soon youre not imitating any longer. (Red Smith, in No Cheering in the Press Box, ed. by Jerome Holtzman, 1974) Imitation in Classical Rhetoric The three processes by which a classical or medieval or Renaissance man acquired his knowledge of rhetoric or anything else were traditionally Art, Imitation, Exercise (Ad Herennium, I.2.3). The art is here represented by the whole system of rhetoric, so carefully memorized; Exercise by such schemes as the theme, the declamation or the progymnasmata. The hinge between the two poles of study and personal creation is the imitation of the best extant models, by means of which the pupil corrects faults and learns to develop his own voice. (Brian Vickers, Classical Rhetoric in English Poetry. Southern Illinois University Press, 1970) The Sequence of Imitation Exercises in Roman Rhetoric The genius of Roman rhetoric resides in the use of imitation throughout the school course to create sensitivity to language and versatility in its use. . . . Imitation, for the Romans, was not copying and not simply using the language structures of others. On the contrary, imitation involved a series of steps . . .. At the outset, a written text was read aloud by a teacher of rhetoric . . .. Next, a phase of analysis was used. The teacher would take the text apart in minute detail. The structure, word choice, grammar, rhetorical strategy, phrasing, elegance, and so forth, would be explained, described, and illustrated for the students. . . . Next, students were required to memorize good models. . . . Students were then expected to paraphrase models. . . . Then students recast the ideas in the text under consideration. . . . This recasting involved both writing as well as speaking . . .. As part of imitation, students would then read aloud a paraphrase or a recasting of ones own text for the teacher and his classmates before moving on to the final phase, which involved correction by the teacher. (Donovan J. Ochs, Imitation. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition, ed. by Theresa Enos. Taylor Francis, 1996) Imitation and Originality All of these [ancient rhetorical] exercises required students to copy the work of some admired author or to elaborate on a set theme. Ancient dependence upon material composed by others may seem strange to modern students, who have been taught that their work should be original. But ancient teachers and students would have found the notion of originality quite strange; they assumed that real skill lay in being able to imitate or to improve on something written by others. (Sharon Crowley and Debra Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. Pearson, 2004) Also See Sentence ImitationMimesisCommonplace BookCopiaDissoi LogoiImitating the Style of the  Spectator, by Benjamin FranklinPasticheProse Sentence-Imitation Exercises Sentence-Imitation Exercise: Complex SentencesSentence-Imitation Exercise: Compound SentencesSentence-Imitation Exercise: Creating Sentences With CommasSentence-Imitation Exercise: Creating Sentences With Semicolons, Colons, and Dashes

Do the Limitations of Two Dime essays

Do the Limitations of Two Dime essays Do the Limitations of Two Dimension Art Mean that a Flat Image cannot be as Powerful as a Three Dimensional Image? Sculpture and painting have co-existed blissfully for hundreds of years. However in recent years it seems as though sculpture has claimed a more important place in the visual arts scene. Artists find it much easier to convey messages through a three dimensional image than the tradition two dimensional means. Is it that actual space is essentially more powerful and specific than paint on a flat surface? Is it that we get that immediate message from a sculpture? Sculpture is an ancient form of human expression supported by a lasting tradition and by an ever increasing skill base. It is constantly being refreshed and reinvented in response to the creative vision and imagination of its practitioners and now takes many different forms and directions. In this essay I am going to explore how sculpture has changed and whether or not a two dimensional piece can be as evocative and powerful as a three dimensional piece. I am also going to speculate reasons for which artists may choose to express their ideas and themes in three dimensions rather than two dimensions and debate whether the changes in art practice are due to the bold nature of work being produced now or due to a genuine loss of interest in the more traditional techniques. For this essay I have decided to look at several artists that have used sculpture in order to convey very powerful messages that have also been expressed in two dimensions by past artists. Many artists have used subjects such as War and the Holocaust, and Religion in their work. These are very intense subjects and have the potential to be very shocking regardless of the means in which the artist chooses to show their work. Jake and Dinos Chapman are notorious for their shocking and terrifyingly realistic disfigured human bodies cleverly worked together with humour, wi...