Evacuation in Britainin During World War Two :: WWII World War 2 Essays

Evacuation in Britainin During World War Two Towards the end of 1939 most British people found that it was very hard to stop Hitler and they decided to use force because they thought that this could only stop him. Britain and France declared war on Germany on the 3rd September 1939, before this Germany had invaded Poland, which the British promised to protect. The British army sailed across the English Channel to join our ally France. Back home, the civilians of the British Isles prepared for a war which they knew was going to affect them directly. World war one had ended 21 years before, and many people remembered gas attacks, bombings from the air, rationing of food supplies and fear of enemy invasion. The word "Evacuation "means that when Britain wanted to move all the children from the dangerous areas to a safer area which was outside the country and they would be safe from peril or hazard. Before world war two children were moved from the dangerous area that was close for the enemy to be bombing. At this time factories and industries were making equipment for war. Britain expected towns and cities to be bombed examples (London, Birmingham and Portsmouth). The idea was that evacuees would be in a safer place and stay with the local families. Many people were still worried about the First World War because of gas attacks, rationing, fear of enemy invasion and the bombings. This situation was no forgotten and people thought that the same thing would happen again. Since the war technology had advanced aircraft and tanks had been of limited use in the First World War. Civilian populations were even more affected by advances in bombing technology, evacuation, occupation, and shortages. Germany, Britain and the Americans war-planners had thought that the cities would be bombed very terrible and a lot of damage would be caused. Hitler even said "Mein kampf". Hitler had used this before world war two when he helped hi friend General Franco, the dictator of Spain.

Research Proposal Sample Essay

Sample Research Proposal Resident: John Smith, PGY2 Research Mentor: Jane Doe, MD, Section of General Internal Medicine Date of Proposal: February 5, 2009 I. Title of Proposed Research Project Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use II. Specific Aims In conducting this study, we will accomplish the following specific aims: Specific Aim 1. Compare the effectiveness of the stage specific smoking cessation counseling intervention with the control intervention by evaluating the impact on the following patient outcomes at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months: a) quit rate, b) stage of change, c) desire to quit, d) motivation to quit, e) confidence in quitting (self-efficacy), and f) nicotine dependence. Hypothesis 1. Patients counseled by students initially trained in stage specific smoking cessation counseling will have higher quit rates, improve their stage of change, increase their desire to quit, be more motivated to quit, have higher confidence in quitting, and have less nicotine dependence at 12 months. Specific Aim 2. Compare the effectiveness of the stage specific smoking cessation counseling intervention with the control intervention by evaluating the impact on the following processes of care rated by patients at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months: a) satisfaction with the quality of care in general, and b) satisfaction with the quality of care related to smoking cessation counseling. Hypothesis 2. Patients counseled by students initially trained in smoking-specific behavioral counseling will have greater satisfaction with both measures of quality of care at 12 months. III. Background Tobacco is the only legally sold product known to cause death in one half of its regular users.(1) Thus, of the estimated 1.3 billion people in the world who smoke, nearly 650 million will die prematurely as a consequence.(1) In the United States, approximately 25% of men and 20% of women, or 46 million adults, smoke.(2) The financial toll of tobacco use in the U.S. is substantial. Estimated costs include $75 billon per year in medical expenditures and $80 billion from lost productivity.(3) The personal health risks of smoking are even more significant with respect to morbidity and mortality. Although the role of physicians in cessation efforts has been 1 demonstrated, many physicians fail to counsel patients. The most common reasons cited for lack of counseling include inadequate training and time pressures. Our intervention will target medical students in the early stages of training. The proposed intervention will provide a foundation for medical learners in stage specific counseling and will aid physicians in primary practice to help their patients stop smoking. The rationale for this program is that providing education early and allowing students to use these skills with patients in the community can help: 1) future physicians with confidence in smoking cessation counseling, 2) physicians in the community who may not have adequate time to counsel patients, and 3) patients whose health may be at risk from smoking. IV. Research Methods Study Design: Randomized cross-over trial consisting of two smoking cessation counseling interventions: 1) counseling intervention including patient education, written material and followup by students who have been trained in stage specific tobacco cessation techniques, and 2) counseling intervention that includes patient education, written material and follow-up by students who have been trained in non-smoking cessation techniques (exercise counseling). Setting: Community practice sites in internal medicine, family medicine and pediatrics throughout Connecticut where medial students attend weekly continuity sessions with physician preceptors. Study Subjects: 80 first-year medical students and 308-350 patients aged 16 years or older in the students’ community practice sites who are seeing the students’ physician preceptor for any reason and meet criteria of smoking one or more cigarette daily in the previous week. Randomization: Students will be randomized by the day they attend their Principles of Clinical Medicine Course and trained in stage specific tobacco cessation counseling or exercise counseling. After 6 months, students will receive training in the other behavioral counseling technique. Main Outcome Measures: patients’ quit rate, stage of change, desire to quit, motivation to quit, confidence in quitting (self-efficacy), and nicotine dependence at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Process Measures: patient satisfaction with the quality of care in general, and satisfaction with the quality of care related to smoking cessation counseling. Analyses: patient level analyses of main outcome and process measures comparing patients who received counseling from students trained in smoking cessation counseling and patients who received counseling from students trained in exercise counseling adjusting for potential confounding factors. We will use logistic regression for dichotomous outcomes and linear regression for continuous outcomes. We will use generalized estimating equations (GEE) and random effects modeling to allow us to adjust for time-dependent covariates V. Timeline of Research Project Month Activity Student randomization Train standardized patient Assess student behavioral counseling skills Train student in smoking or exercise counseling Assessment of office practice sites Train medical assistants to recruit patients Recruit patients Patient counseling in-person Patient counseling by phone Data collection Data analysis Prepare publication(s) Present research at scientific meetings 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 2 3-4 5 6-9 10-12 13-14 VI. Literature Cited 1. World Health Organization Website: WHO tobacco Treaty set to become law, making global public health history. WHO . 2005. 1-17-2005. 2. Cigarette smoking among adults–United States, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003; 52(40):953-956. 3. Centers for Disease Control. Targeting Tobacco Use, the Nation’s Leading Cause of Death 2004. CDC. 2005. 1-19-2005. 3

What Exactly Is a Toxic Chemical

Youve heard that toxic chemicals are bad for you, but what exactly is a toxic chemical? Heres an explanation of what is meant by the term toxic chemical as well as examples of common toxic chemicals you may have in your home or encounter in the environment. Toxic Chemical Definition The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or EPA defines a toxic chemical as any substance which may be harmful to the environment or hazardous to your health if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin. Toxic Chemicals in Your Home Many useful household projects contain toxic chemicals. Common examples include: Drain cleanerLaundry detergentFurniture polishGasolinePesticidesAmmoniaToilet bowl cleanerMotor oilRubbing alcoholBleachBattery acid While these chemicals may be useful and even necessary, it is important to remember they should be used and disposed of according to instructions on the packaging. Natural Toxic Chemicals Many toxic chemicals occur in nature. For example, plants produce toxic chemicals to protect themselves from pests. Animals produce toxins for protection and to capture prey. In other cases, toxic chemicals are simply a by-product of metabolism. Some natural elements and minerals are poisonous. Here are some examples of natural toxic chemicals: MercurySnake venomCaffeine in coffee, tea, kola and cocoaArsenicRicin from castor beansPetroleumHydrogen sulfideChlorine gasSmoke Industrial and Occupational Toxic Chemicals The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has identified several chemicals it considers highly hazardous and toxic. Some of these are laboratory reagents, while others are used commonly in certain industries and trades. Certain pure elements are included. Here are a few substances on the list (which is extremely long): AcetaldehydeAcetoneAcroleinBromineChlorineCyanogenIsopropyl alcoholl-limoneneHydrogen peroxide 35% Are All Chemicals Toxic? Labeling a chemical as toxic or non-toxic is misleading because any compound can be toxic, depending on the route of exposure and the dose. For example, even water is toxic if you drink enough of it. Toxicity depends on other factors besides dose and exposure, including species, age, and gender. For example, humans can eat chocolate, yet its toxic to dogs. In a way, all chemicals are toxic. Similarly, there is a minimum dose for nearly all substances below which toxic effects are not seen, called the toxicity endpoint. A chemical can be both necessary for life and toxic. An example is iron. Humans need low doses of iron to make blood cells and perform other biochemical tasks, yet an overdose of iron is deadly. Oxygen is another example. Types of Toxins Toxins may be categorized into four groups. Its possible for a substance to belong to more than one group. Chemical Toxicants - Chemical toxins include both inorganic substances, such as mercury and carbon monoxide, and organic compounds, such as methyl alcohol.Biological Toxins - Many organisms secrete toxic compounds. Some sources consider pathogenic organisms to be toxins. A good example of a biological toxin is tetanus.Physical Toxicants - These are substances that interfere with biological processes. Examples include asbestos and silica.Radiation - Radiation has a toxic effect on many organisms. Examples include gamma radiation and microwaves.